Raja Todar Mal: Akbar’s Financial Genius

Raja Todar Mal, a name synonymous with financial administration and land revenue reforms in Mughal India, served as Akbar’s Finance Minister (Diwan-i Kul). He was a pivotal figure in shaping the Mughal empire’s economic structure and is best known for his innovative and efficient land revenue system, the Zabti system.

Before joining Akbar’s court, Todar Mal served under Sher Shah Suri, where he gained valuable experience in land surveying and revenue collection. This experience proved invaluable when Akbar, recognizing his abilities, appointed him to a key position in the Mughal administration.

The Zabti system, also known as the Bandobast system, was a radical departure from previous land revenue systems. It involved a comprehensive survey and measurement of land, classification based on productivity, and fixing of revenue rates based on the average yield over the past ten years. This ten-year average, called the Dahsala system, provided a stable and predictable basis for revenue assessment, minimizing fluctuations due to seasonal variations.

Key features of the Zabti system included:

• Accurate Land Measurement: The system emphasized accurate measurement of land using standardized units, ensuring fairness and transparency.
• Land Classification: Land was classified into four categories based on fertility: Polaj (cultivated annually), Parauti (fallow for a year), Chachar (fallow for two to three years), and Banjar (uncultivated for five years or more). Different revenue rates were applied to each category.
• Fixed Revenue Rates: Revenue was fixed based on the average yield of the previous ten years, reducing the burden on peasants during lean years.
• Direct Contact with Peasants: The system encouraged direct contact between the state and the peasants, reducing the power of intermediaries and preventing exploitation.
• Cash Payments: Revenue was collected primarily in cash, promoting trade and commerce.

The Zabti system was initially implemented in the core provinces of the Mughal empire, including Agra, Delhi, Lahore, and Allahabad. Over time, it was extended to other regions, though with some modifications depending on local conditions. While not universally applied, the system served as a model for revenue administration for centuries to come.

Raja Todar Mal’s reforms not only streamlined revenue collection but also contributed to increased agricultural productivity and economic prosperity. By establishing a fair and transparent system, he reduced corruption and exploitation, fostering stability and loyalty among the peasantry. His contributions extended beyond revenue administration; he also played a significant role in military campaigns and served as a capable governor. Raja Todar Mal remains a celebrated figure in Indian history, remembered for his exceptional administrative skills and his lasting impact on the Mughal empire’s economic foundation.